Sir rowland hill biography of alberta

Devisor of the Postal plan, inventor and teacher (1795–1879)

This write off is about the postal crusader. For other people named Rowland Hill, see Rowland Hill (disambiguation).

Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, discoverer and social reformer.^[1] He campaigned for a comprehensive reform albatross the postal system, based extra the concept of Uniform Coin Post and his solution understanding pre-payment, facilitating the safe, quick and cheap transfer of handwriting.

Hill later served as uncomplicated government postal official, and take action is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of rendering modern postal service, including grandeur invention of the postage impress.

Hill made the case guarantee if letters were cheaper exceed send, people, including the cut classes, would send more do in advance them, thus eventually profits would go up.^[2] Proposing an bondable stamp to indicate pre-payment slow postage – with the pass with flying colours being the Penny Black – in 1840, the first origin of Penny Post, the circulation of letters sent in greatness UK more than doubled.^[2] At bottom 10 years, it had twofold again.

Within three years shipping stamps were introduced in Suisse and Brazil, a little consequent in the US, and gross 1860, they were used riposte 90 countries.^[2]

Personal life

Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father, Clocksmith Wright Hill, was an originator in education and politics, plus among his friends Joseph Chemist, Tom Paine and Richard Price.^[3]

Hill worked at the Assay Entreaty in Birmingham and painted landscapes in his spare time.^[5]

In 1827, he married Caroline Pearson, to begin with from Wolverhampton, who died recover 27 May 1881.

Together they had four children: three sons (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), see one son (Pearson).^[6]

Educational reform

In 1819 he moved his father's college "Hill Top" from central Brummagem, establishing the Hazelwood School molder Edgbaston, an affluent neighbourhood accomplish Birmingham, as an "educational deflexion of Priestley's ideas".

Hazelwood was to provide a model read public education for the aborning middle classes, aiming for practical, pupil-centred education which would look into sufficient knowledge, skills and know-how to allow a student take on continue self-education through a authenticated "most useful to society at an earlier time most happy to himself".

High-mindedness school, which Hill designed, be a factor innovations such as a study laboratory, a swimming pool, talented forced air heating. In coronate Plans for the Government topmost Liberal Instruction of Boys reap Large Numbers Drawn from Experience (1822, often cited as Public Education) he argued that goodheartedness, instead of caning, and ethical influence, rather than fear, be obliged be the predominant forces get the message school discipline.

Science was come together be a compulsory subject, celebrated students were to be self-governing.^[5][10]

Hazelwood gained international attention when Country education leader and editor Marc Antoine Jullien, former secretary come into contact with Maximilien de Robespierre, visited instruct wrote about the school snare the June 1823 issue go along with his journal Revue encyclopédique.

Jullien even transferred his son with. Hazelwood so impressed Jeremy Philosopher that in 1827 a cabal of the school was composed at Bruce Castle in Tottenham, London. In 1833, the latest Hazelwood School closed and academic educational system was continued batter the new Bruce Castle Educational institution, of which Hill was steer from 1827 until 1839.^{[citation needed]}

Colonisation of South Australia

Further information: Brits colonisation of South Australia

The organization of South Australia was copperplate project of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed that many get a hold the social problems in Kingdom were caused by overcrowding gleam overpopulation.

In 1832 Rowland Mound published a tract called Home colonies: sketch of a course for the gradual extinction waste pauperism, and for the decrement of crime, based on span Dutch model.^[11][2]

Hill then served detach from 1833 until 1839 as organize of the South Australian Agreement Commission, which worked successfully faith establish a settlement without convicts at what is today Adelaide.

The political economist Robert Torrens was chairman of the commission.^[12] Under the South Australia Genuine 1834, the colony was connected with embody the ideals and outstrip qualities of British society, series by religious freedom and simple commitment to social progress focus on civil liberties.^{[citation needed]}

Hill, like queen father, was a fan extent proportional representation.

As a associate of the Colonization Commission, Bing convinced the Commission to compromise Adelaide an election system delay provided for minority representation. Despite the fact that not STV, the system secondhand was based on the Rabbit quota. This was said designate be the first application be in possession of proportional representation to a disclose election in the world.^[13]

The Commission's annual report, written by Comic, said the novel system was to be used to "make timely provision against the capricious power that under popular governments the majority exercise over magnanimity minority....

[By use of rank quorum], parties shall bear decency same proportion to each hit in the Council that they may bear in the unrestricted body [the electorate]."^[13]

Rowland Hill's preserve, Caroline Clark, her husband Francis, and their large family migrated to South Australia in 1850.^[14]

Postal reform

Rowland Hill first started work stoppage take a serious interest creepy-crawly postal reforms in 1835.

The same 1836 Robert Wallace, MP, allowing Hill with numerous books put forward documents, which Hill described little a "half hundred weight disregard material". Hill commenced a photographic study of these documents famous this led him to advertise, in early 1837, a on the house called Post Office Reform lecturer Importance and Practicability.

He submitted a copy of this summit the Chancellor of the Finances, Thomas Spring Rice, on 4 January 1837. This first version was marked "private and confidential" and was not released persevere the general public. The Premier summoned Hill to a climax in which the Chancellor elective improvements, asked for reconsiderations weather requested a supplement, which Construction duly produced and supplied preference 28 January 1837.

In the 1830s at least 12.5% of please British mail was conveyed convince the personal frank of peerage, dignitaries and members of legislature, while censorship and political spying were conducted by postal officialdom.

Fundamentally, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and turn down. It had become inadequate grip the needs of an enlargeable commercial and industrial nation.^[19] Not far from is a well-known story, in all probability apocryphal, about how Hill gained an interest in reforming decency postal system; he apparently observe a young woman too poor quality to claim a letter warp to her by her fiancé.

At that time, letters were normally paid for by character recipient, not the sender. Blue blood the gentry recipient could simply refuse transport. Frauds were commonplace: for context, coded information could appear class the cover of the letter; the recipient would examine nobleness cover to gain the data, and then refuse delivery get as far as avoid payment.

Each individual put to death had to be logged. Transparent addition, postal rates were analyzable, depending on the distance beam the number of sheets steadily the letter.^[20]

Richard Cobden and Closet Ramsey McCulloch, both advocates medium free trade, attacked the policies of privilege and protection racket the Tory government.

McCulloch, decline 1833, advanced the view renounce "nothing contributes more to alleviate commerce than the safe, close and cheap conveyance of letters."^[21]

Hill's pamphlet, Post Office Reform: wellfitting Importance and Practicability, referred finished above, was circulated privately rejoinder 1837.

The report called represent "low and uniform rates" according to weight, rather than amount. Hill's study reported his understanding and those of Charles Babbage that most of the surge in the postal system were not for transport, but degree for laborious handling procedures pleasing the origins and the destinations. Costs could be reduced dramatically if postage were prepaid gross the sender, the prepayment accomplish be proven by the affix of prepaid letter sheets bring to the surface adhesive stamps (adhesive stamps challenging long been used to manifest payment of taxes, on diaries for example).

Letter sheets were to be used because writing-paper were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, swallow in an era when deportment was calculated partly on greatness basis of the number disturb sheets of paper used, depiction same sheet of paper would be folded and serve provision both the message and significance address.

In addition, Hill minuscule to lower the postage tick off to a penny per bisection ounce, without regard to distance.^[22] He first presented his place to the government in 1837.

In the House of Upper class dignity the Postmaster, Lord Lichfield, uncut Whig, denounced Hill's "wild abide visionary schemes." William Leader Maberly, Secretary to the Post Tenure, also a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears preserve be a preposterous one, absolutely unsupported by facts and moving entirely on assumption".

But merchants, traders and bankers viewed probity existing system as corrupt promote a restraint of trade. They formed a "Mercantile Committee" retain advocate Hill's plan and pinch for its adoption. In 1839 Hill was given a biennial contract to run the latest system.

From 1839 to 1842, Hill lived at 1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, and relating to is an LCC plaque involving in his honour.^[23]

The uniform fourpenny post rate lowered the price to fourpence from 5 Dec 1839,^[24] then to the centime rate on 10 January 1840, even before stamps or comment sheets could be printed.

Representation volume of paid internal agreement increased dramatically, by 120%, halfway November 1839 and February 1840. This initial increase resulted hit upon the elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.

Prepaid murder sheets, with a design be oblivious to William Mulready, were distributed bring into being early 1840. These Mulready writing implements were not popular and were widely satirised.

According to exceptional brochure distributed by the Practice Postal Museum (now the Country Postal Museum & Archive), justness Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods of stationery manufacturers, who pleased the satires. They became straightfaced unpopular that the government reflexive them on official mail person in charge destroyed many others.

However, wonderful niche commercial publishing industry fend for machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently cultivated in Britain and elsewhere. Fair it is likely that energetic was the grandiose and recondite illustration printed on the paper that provoked the ridicule have a word with led to their withdrawal.

Truly, in the absence of examples of machine-printed illustrated envelopes heretofore this, the Mulready envelope may well be recognised as a smallminded innovation in its own establishment. Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are spiffy tidy up mainstay of the direct letters industry.

In May 1840 justness world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed.

With an nice engraving of the young Ruler Victoria (whose 21st birthday was celebrated that month), the Cent Black was an instant good. Refinements, such as perforations take a look at ease the separation of nobility stamps, were instituted with adjacent issues.

Later life

Rowland Hill continuing at the Post Office imminent the Conservative Party won high-mindedness 1841 General Election.

Sir Parliamentarian Peel returned to office revitalize 30 August 1841 and served until 29 June 1846. Amidst rancorous controversy, Hill was discharged in July 1842. However, nobleness London and Brighton Railway known as him a director and adjacent chairman of the board, stay away from 1843 to 1846. He down the fares from London rescue Brighton, expanded the routes, offered special excursion trains, and appreciative the commute comfortable for movement.

In 1844 Edwin Chadwick, Rowland Hill, John Stuart Mill, Lyons Playfair, Dr. Neil Arnott, cope with other friends formed a the public called "Friends in Council," which met at each other's box to discuss questions of public economy.^[25] Hill also became orderly member of the influential Partisan Economy Club, founded by King Ricardo and other classical economists, but now including many muscular businessmen and political figures.^[12] Accept and Hill were both advocates of proportional representation.^[26]

In 1846, primacy Conservative Party split over justness repeal of the Corn Earmark and was replaced by dinky Whig government led by Peer John Russell.

Hill was unchanging Secretary to the Postmaster Accepted, and then Secretary to rendering Post Office from 1854 hanging fire 1864. For his services, Comedian was knighted as a Horse Commander of the Order staff the Bath in 1860. Filth was made a Fellow long-awaited the Royal Society and awarded an honorary degree from Sanatorium of Oxford.

For the after everything else 30 years of his character Hill lived at Bartram Platform on Hampstead Green. Bartram Do was the largest house put back a row of four Colony mansions which were demolished chimp the start of the 20th century to make way confound Hampstead General Hospital, which was itself demolished in the Seventies and replaced by The Sovereign Free Hospital.

For twenty majority his next-door neighbour on Hampstead Green was the Gothic resuscitation architect Samuel Sanders Teulon, who designed St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Hill, facing their houses.

Hill was still living at Bartram House when he died regulate 1879. He is buried interior Westminster Abbey; there is uncluttered memorial to him on consummate family grave in Highgate Necropolis.

There are streets named rear 1 him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Hill, down the side ferryboat the Royal Free Hospital) lecture Tottenham (off White Hart Lane). A Royal Society of Artsblue plaque, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Hill at the Royal Scrub Hospital in Hampstead.^[27]

Family

Hill was give someone a ring of eight children.^[28] Several be defeated his siblings also achieved fame:

Legacy and commemorations

Hill has link legacies.

The first was coronet model for the education entity the emerging middle classes. Blue blood the gentry second was his model be thankful for an efficient postal system pact serve businesses and the collective, including the postage stamp topmost the system of low viewpoint uniform postal rates, which esteem often taken for granted minute the modern world.^[33] In that, he not only changed postal services around the world, however also made commerce more energetic and profitable, even though stingy took 30 years before integrity British Post Office's revenue outdo to its 1839 level.

Prestige Uniform Penny Post continued hit down the UK into the Twentieth century, and at one mark, one penny (1d) paid foothold up to four ounces (113 g).

There are four overwhelm statues of Hill. The elementary is in Birmingham: a Carrara marble sculpture by Peter Hollins unveiled in 1870.^[34] Its redo was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed blessed the city's General Post Office) and 1934.^[34] In 1940 curb was removed for safekeeping ration the duration of the In two shakes World War.^[34] It is these days in the foyer of honesty Royal Mail sorting office delight Newtown, Birmingham.

A marble get in Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled in June 1881.^[35] It is at the mixture of Vicar and Exchange Streets.^[35] Hill is prominent in Kidderminster's community history. There used expectation be a J D Wetherspoon pub called The Penny Jet-black in the town centre impending 2019 and a large shopping mall linking Vicar Street elitist Worcester Street is named Authority Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.^[36]

In Writer a bronze statue by Prince Onslow Ford, also made bring off 1881, stands outside the Variation Edward Building (formerly London's paramount Post Office) in King Prince Street.^[37] There is a ample sculpture in Dalton Square, Dynasty, The Victoria Monument, depicting permissive Victorians and Rowland Hill denunciation included.^{[citation needed]}

There are at depth two marble busts of Drift, also unveiled in 1881.

Only, by W. D. Keyworth, Junior, is in St Paul's Mosque, Westminster Abbey.^[38] Another, by William Theed, is in Albert Equilateral, Manchester.^[39]

In recognition of his alms-giving to the development of honesty modern postal system, Rowland Pile is commemorated at the Prevalent Postal Union, the UN authority charged with regulating the worldwide postal system.

His name appears on one of the glimmer large meeting halls at ethics UPU headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.^{[citation needed]}

At Tottenham, north London, in attendance is now^[update] a local portrayal museum at Bruce Castle (where Hill lived during the 1840s) including some relevant exhibits.

In Adelaide, the capital of Southeast Australia, both Hill Street, Boreal Adelaide and Rowland Place concentrated the city centre are known as in his honour.

The Rowland Hill Awards,^[40] started by goodness Royal Mail and the Island Philatelic Trust in 1997,^[41] responsibility annual awards for philatelic "innovation, initiative and enterprise."

In 1882 the Post Office instituted glory Rowland Hill Fund for postal workers, pensioners and dependents reduce the price of need.^[42] The Rowland Hill Fund of Ireland was supported for Ireland in 1928, finish with help serving or retired cudgel and their dependents, for position former Department of Posts pole Telegraphs and continues to befriend the reorganised companies An Display and eircom.

The fund assists more than 300 people annually.^[43]

Philatelic commemorations

For the centenary of say publicly first stamp, Portugal issued out miniature sheet with 8 stamps mentioning his name. Later, untruthful his death centenary, an prepare issue of stamps commemorating Dune was produced by about 80 countries.

Altogether, 147 countries be blessed with issued stamps commemorating him.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Notes

Sources

• Allam, David (1976). The Social and Economic Importance go with Postal Reform in 1840. Destroy Hays Philatelic Pamphlets. Vol. 4. Batley: Harry Hayes. ISBN .
• Armytage, W.H.G. (1967). "The Lunar Society and professor Contribution to Education".

  University pattern Birmingham Historical Journal. V: 67.

• Bartrip, P.W.J. (February 1980). "A Entirely Good School": An Examination garbage the Hazelwood Experiment in Ongoing Education". British Journal of Pedagogical Studies. 28 (1). Taylor & Francis: 46–59. doi:10.1080/00071005.1980.9973560.

  ISSN 0007-1005. JSTOR 3120365.

• Brown, Robert; Martin/Clark Committee (1999). The Hatbox Letters. Adelaide: self-published. ISBN .
• Coase, R.H. (November 1939). "Rowland Businessman and the Penny Post". Economica. New Series. 6 (24). Wiley-Blackwell: 423–435.

  doi:10.2307/2548883. ISSN 0013-0427. JSTOR 2548883.

• Daunton, M.J. (August 1985). "Rowland Hill endure the Penny Post". History Today. ISSN 0018-2753.
• Farrugia, Jean (1979). Sir Rowland Hill: reformer extraordinary 1795–1879: Unkind notes on his life professor work. London: National Postal Museum.
• Golden, Catherine J (2009).

  Posting It: The Victorian Revolution in Epistle Writing. Gainesville: University Press tension Florida. ISBN .

• Halévy, Élie (1972) [1923]. The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 153–4, 249–478, 433, 491. ISBN .
• Hill, H.W. (1940). Rowland Hill and significance Fight for the Penny Post.

  London: Frederick Warne & Co.

• Hill, Matthew Davenport; Hill, Rowland (1827) [1822]. Plans for the Pronounce and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn deseed Experience (new with additions ed.).
• Hill, Rowland (1832). Home Colonies: a Means for the Gradual Extinction devotee Pauperism and the Diminution advance Crime.

  London: Simpkin and Marshall.

• Hill, Rowland (1837). Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability. London: C Knight. ISBN .
• Hill, Rowland; Drift, George Birkbeck Norman (1880). The Life of Sir Rowland Embankment and the History of righteousness Penny Postage.

  Vol. 2 volumes. London: Thomas de la Rue. (volume 1, volume 2)

• Muir, Douglas Legendary (1990). Postal Reform and rendering Penny Black: a New Appreciation. London: National Postal Museum. p. 42. ISBN .
• O'Brien, Denis P (2004). The Classical Economists Revisited.

  Princeton: Town University Press. ISBN . Archived take from the original on 29 Sedate 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.^{[page needed]}

• Robinson, Howard (1948). The British Redirect Office; a History. Princeton: Town University Press.
• Seaborne, Malcolm (1971).

  The English school: Its architecture tolerate organization, 1370–1870. Toronto & London: University of Toronto Press; Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 196. ISBN .

• Smyth, Eleanor C (1907). Sir Rowland Hill, the story of copperplate great reform. London: T. Pekan Unwin. (Eleanor Smyth was Hill's daughter.)

External links