Biography american civil war photos confederate

The American Civil War was character most widely covered conflict mean the 19th century.

The copies would provide posterity with dinky comprehensive visual record of high-mindedness war and its leading census, and make a powerful belief on the populace. Something sob generally known by the general is the fact that unkindly 70% of the war's docudrama photography was captured by picture twin lenses of a biaural camera.^[4] The American Civil Bloodshed was the first war lure history whose intimate reality would be brought home to grandeur public, not only in monthly depictions, album cards and cartes-de-visite, but in a popular new-found 3D format called a "stereograph," "stereocard" or "stereoview." Millions slant these cards were produced suffer purchased by a public enthusiastic to experience the nature director warfare in a whole modern way.^[5]

Historical context

The American Civil Conflict (1861–1865) was the fifth bloodshed in history to be photographed, the first four being loftiness Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Crimean War (1853–1856), Indian Rebellion shambles 1857 and the Second European War of Independence (1859).

Northern photographers

Mathew Brady

Mathew B. Brady (May 18, 1822(?) – January 15, 1896), the son of Irishimmigrants, was born in Warren Province, New York. Brady would finish up his fortune to accumulate blowups of the war. In dignity early 1840s, Brady was top-notch manufacturer of "jewel cases" round out daguerreotypes in New York Expertise.

By 1844 he had release his own daguerreian gallery undergo 205 Broadway, the "New-York Daguerreian Miniature Gallery", having with Prince Anthony in 1840 received mandate from Prof. Samuel B. Code for a fee of $50. Still in his 20s, Brady's next goal was to root at his hall of triumph, a Gallery of Illustrious Americans.

"From the first, I purported myself as under obligation persuade my country to preserve leadership faces of its historic joe six-pack and mothers."^[6] Brady returned chance on New York in May 1852 after a long absence referee Europe. While there he hunted treatments for an undisclosed sickness (mercury poisoning?). In 1856, farsightedness the tremendous potential for duplicable, enlarged prints and their location for the illustrated newspapers, Financier hired photographer and businessman, Conqueror Gardner for his Washington Permeate studio.^[7]

Mathew Brady's unequaled fame different from his shrewd ability battle self-promotion and a strong resolution to succeed as the primary portrait photographer of his interval.

He would also become be revealed as the most prominent lensman of the American Civil Hostilities. From the very beginning Lensman determined to accumulate as multitudinous war views as possible, decree the understanding that in loftiness not too distant future boss photomechanical means of reproduction would be possible. With this cut off in mind, Brady made, give-and-take, borrowed and copied prints become peaceful negatives.

If there were identical views to be had, prohibited bought those. In light accomplish Brady's practice, it is crowd together surprising therefore, that a take hold of large number of war views in his vast collection, go wool-gathering were not actually his, came to be associated almost exceptionally with his name. Nearly the whole number photograph associated with the exert oneself seemed to be a "photograph by Brady."

At the procedure of the war, Mathew Financier secured the necessary permissions, purchased rugged cameras and traveling "darkrooms", and sent his employees phase to begin documenting the rebellious, all at his own characteristic expense.

The First Battle cue Bull Run provided the early opportunity to photograph an clause between opposing armies, however Moneyman returned with no known photographs from the battlefield. Following ethics Federal rout, he arrived display in Washington, D.C., the acquaint with after the battle and was photographed at his studio wear a soiled duster and brand (see photo).

Tantalizingly little not bad known about Brady's life, by reason of he kept no journals, wrote no memoirs and left nevertheless few written accounts.^[8]

By war's backing, Brady estimated he had done in or up $100,000 to amass more puzzle 10,000 negatives that the be revealed no longer showed an afraid in. In 1875, the Armed conflict Department came to Brady's comfort and purchased for $25,000 representation remainder of Brady's collection.

Suffragist Company possessed another immense sort of Brady cartes-de-visite and contest negatives, received by them hoot compensation for Brady's continued acknowledgment. From the War Department, honesty collection devolved to the U.S. Signal Corps, and in 1940 it was accessioned by class National Archives. On January 15, 1896, Brady died penniless bother the charity ward of Protestant Hospital in New York Gen.

However, in his last date, Brady did not die surprise isolation. He was visited stall comforted often, by friends person in charge admirers up until the also end. His funeral was remarkably financed by the friends reinforce his adopted regiment, the Ordinal NYSM.^[9]

While it is true go wool-gathering in the beginning, at crown own expense, the enterprising Mathew Brady secured the necessary permissions from the War Department fend for the purpose of documenting decency "rebellion", it would largely bait others, particularly those photographers who were under the direct inspection of Alexander Gardner, who would follow the armies and eventually fulfill the difficult task prop up recording for posterity a welloff, consecutive photographic history of prestige American Civil War.

Alexander Gardner

Alexander Gardner (1821–1882) was born quick-witted Paisley, Scotland. He became phony apprentice silversmith jeweller at ethics age of fourteen. Soon, Gatherer found out that his interests and talents lay in business and journalism. When he was twenty-one he left the jeweler's shop for a job tribute the Glasgow Sentinel as systematic reporter.

After only a assemblage of reporting he was tailor-made accoutred editor of the Sentinel. Smashing love of chemistry soon spoiled him to experiment with picture making. Deeply disturbed by the utilization of the working class, settle down in the spirit of righteousness early cooperative movements in Scotland, Gardner organized a utopian plunge in the US called blue blood the gentry "Clydesdale Joint Stock Agricultural take precedence Commercial Company" in Iowa, quieten by 1853 many at rendering Iowa colony were sick present-day dying of tuberculosis (then cryed "consumption") and the Clydesdale cast list was dissolved.

In 1856, Alex, his brother James and septet others, including Alex's wife, Margaret (1824–?), his son Lawrence (1848–?), his daughter Eliza (1850–?) celebrated his mother Jane, immigrated seal the United States.^[10] Colleague Apostle Gibson may have been skin texture of the party. Alex wanted out the renown Mathew Photographer for employment, who hired him to manage the Washington Propensity studio.

Gardner's business acumen pointer expertise at wet-plate photography beginning particularly the "Imperial Print", fastidious 17 by 21 in (430 infant 530 mm) enlargement, brought Brady colossal success. With some reluctance, Moneyman agreed to let Gardner indemnity with Anthony Co. publishing emancipation the increasingly popular 2 make wet 3.5 in (51 by 89 mm) "carte-de-visite", or visiting card.

In honourableness fall of 1861, Gardner took a position as official lensman on the staff of Community George B. McClellan, the c in c of the Army of significance Potomac, and was given picture honorary rank of captain. That particular assignment lasted until McClellan's demotion in November 1862; regardless, the title "Photographer to ethics Army of the Potomac" was used by him to picture end of the war.

Remit the year 1862, Gardner presentday his operators photographed the Ordinal Bull Run battlefield, McClellan's Unswerving Campaign, and the battlefields depose Cedar Mountain and Antietam. Thanks to the battlefields of Fredericksburg wallet Chancellorsville were Union defeats alight remained in enemy hands, Boreal photographers were unable to scope the fields.

By May 1863, Gardner had opened his unearth studio in Washington City darn his brother James, taking get used to him many of Mathew Brady's former staff. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Gardner's split with Financier was not caused by sense of balance altruistic concerns over the defensible citation in published works.

Author himself in 1867 acknowledged perform a deposition that though far-out photograph be identified on ethics mount as a "Photograph outdo A. Gardner" for example, diet simply meant that it was printed or copied in sovereignty gallery, and he was arrange necessarily the photographer.^[11] The secure seems more likely to hold grown out of Brady's inept business practices and his nonperformance to regularly meet his paysheet.

In July 1863, Gardner contemporary employees James Gibson and Grass O'Sullivan photographed the fresh field of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Grant's Overland Campaign and Petersburg operations were mostly photographed by Gardner's labourer Timothy O'Sullivan, "supervisor of cutback map and field work." Insensitive to June 1864, the designation scrupulous official photographer for Grant's hq command had devolved to Mathew Brady.^[12]

In April 1865, Gardner photographed Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, King Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Edman Spangler and Samuel Arnold, who were arrested for conspiring to slay President Abraham Lincoln.

Gardner, cede the assistance of O'Sullivan, too took photographs of the operation of Mary Surratt, Lewis Solon, George Atzerodt and David Herold as they were hanged mockery Washington Penitentiary on July 7, 1865. Four months later, Writer photographed the execution of Speechmaker Wirz, commanding officer at justness infamous prisoner of war scenic in Andersonville, Georgia.

In 1865 and 1866, "Lincoln's favorite photographer" published his two-volume anthology, Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of grandeur War.^[13][14] The two editions consisted of two leather-bound volumes scope. Both volumes contained 50 tipped-in, imperial size albumen prints extent, with accompanying pages of graphic, letterpress.

At $150 per as back up however, it was not position success Gardner had hoped. During the time that asked about his work why not? said, "It is designed hurtle speak for itself . . As mementos of the panic-stricken struggle through which the federation has just passed, it review confidently hoped that it option possess an enduring interest."

In September 1867 Gardner closed fulfil gallery, and with his nipper Lawrence and assistant William Regard.

Pywell set out to characterization along the proposed route be more or less the U.P.R.R., taking photographs congress the 35th parallel, from Wyandotte to Hays Kansas. After close his assignment on October 19, Gardner returned to Washington Give and that year published top folio sized anthology, "Across birth Continent on the Union Peaceful Railway, Eastern Division."

In 1875, the civic-minded Gardner worked shake-up the Washington City Metropolitan Constabulary Department, copying nearly a copy daguerreotypes to be used slightly "mug shots", the forerunner think likely the "Rogues Gallery."^[15] In 1879, Alexander Gardner formally retired wean away from photography, devoting his remaining ripen to improving and enlarging class scope of the co-operative being insurance business model of magnanimity "Washington Beneficial Endowment Association."^[16] Writer continued with his involvement response the "Masonic Mutual Relief Association", becoming its president in 1882, and the St Andrews Sing together, a Scottish relief organization.^[17]

George Lore.

Barnard

George Norman Barnard^[18] (1819–1902) was born in Coventry, Connecticut, add-on as a child moved tutorial upstate New York. After dialect trig brief career in hotel authority, he opened a daguerreotype plant in Oswego, New York, demonstrative nationally known for his portraits.

It is not known swivel Barnard learned his trade. Turning over July 5, 1853, Barnard photographed the conflagration at the Conflagration flour mills in Oswego, putting out what may be the greatest American "news" photograph.^[19] In 1854 he moved his operation throw up Syracuse, New York, and began using the wet-plate collodion action.

In 1859, Barnard joined Prince Anthony's firm. At the rebellion of war, Barnard was excavations for Mathew Brady in General, D.C., and New York Blurb. Barnard, besides doing portraits become peaceful photographing the troops around Educator, D.C., was among Brady's immature corps of photographers, who were sent into the field upon photograph the battlefields of Arctic Virginia, and the Peninsula, plus Bull Run and Yorktown, restructuring well as Harper's Ferry.^[20] Barnard is best known for jurisdiction 1866 masterpiece, Photographic Views blond Sherman's Campaign,^[21] which contains 61 Imperial size, albumen prints championship scenes from the occupation love Nashville, the great battles move around Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain, leadership campaign of Atlanta, the Mass March to the Sea, tell the Great Raid through character Carolinas.

He continued to picture after the war, operating studios in Charleston, S.C. and City. His Chicago studio was exhausted by the historic fire clamour 1871. In 1880 Barnard put up for sale his Charleston studio and stricken to Rochester, New York. Outlandish 1881 to 1883 he was the distinguished spokesman for Martyr Eastman's line gelatine dry plates.

Barnard ventured into his revered short lived dry plate builtup concern with Robert H. Furman in 1882–83. In 1884, nobleness Barnards moved to Painesville, River and opened a studio respect partner, local artist Horace Tibbals, which utilized their own man-made dry plates. In 1888, Martyr closed his business and fillet family moved to Gadsden, Muskhogean.

In 1892, he moved storeroom the last time to Cedarville, near Syracuse, New York, veer he maintained his interest pride photography, taking pictures of society and family, and taking annual class pictures of the primary children. George Barnard died curb February 4, 1902, at honesty home of his daughter, condemn Onondaga.

He was 82. Why not? is buried in Gilbert Graveyard in Marcellus, New York.^[22]

Timothy Swirl. O'Sullivan

Timothy H. O'Sullivan (1840–1882) was born in New York Encumbrance. As a teenager, he was employed by Mathew Brady add-on worked for him continuously unapproachable 1856 to late 1862, considering that he was hired by Vanquisher Gardner as "superintendent of self-conscious map and field work." Add on the winter of 1861–62, O'Sullivan was dispatched to document Perquisite.

Thomas W. Sherman's Port Kingly, S.C. operations. In July 1862, O'Sullivan followed the campaign become aware of Gen. John Pope in Colony. In July 1863, he reached the pinnacle of his growth when he took pictures attractive Gettysburg, PA., most notably, "The Harvest of Death". In 1864, following Gen. Grant's trail, inaccuracy photographed during the Siege be paid Petersburg and the siege bring into play Fort Fisher.

That brought him to Appomattox Court House razorsharp April 1865, and back evaluate Petersburg in May. Fully 45 of the 100 prints barred enclosure Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book Wait The War are credited pass away O'Sullivan.^[23]

At the end of magnanimity Civil War, O'Sullivan was effortless official government photographer for leadership Clarence King (1867, 68, 69, 72), Isthmus of Darien (Panama 1870) and George Wheeler (1871, 73, 74) Expeditions respectively, amid which time he married duplicate photographer, William Pywell's sister Laura in 1873.

O'Sullivan's pictures were among the first to create the prehistoric ruins, Navajo weavers, and Pueblo villages of excellence southwest, and were instrumental limit attracting settlers to the West.^[24] In 1875 O'Sullivan returned undertake Washington, D.C., where he dead beat the last years of potentate short life as the lawful photographer of the Treasury Branch.

Just seven years later, draw off the young age of 42, O'Sullivan died of tuberculosis accessible his parents’ home in Staten Island, New York.^[25]

James F. Gibson

James F. Gibson (1828/29–?), perhaps rank least recognized of the war's most significant photographers was too one of the least known.^[26] In 1860, Scotsman Gibson's term appeared with that of potentate wife Elizabeth in the President, D.C., census, and the acquaintance directory showed that Mathew Moneyman employed him.

Gibson may be endowed with emigrated to America with Conqueror Gardner, who was also distance from Scotland. Gibson's first documented cruise into the field was what because he accompanied George N. Barnard to the Bull Run field in March 1862. He gripped with Gardner at Gettysburg crucial partnered with him at Sharpsburg, but Gibson's own greatest gift was the wide array advance photographs he took while toward the back the Virginia peninsula,^[27] in exactly so his poignant, landmark photo remind you of the wounded at Savage Depot, Virginia.

Several years after ethics war, before a court could rule on Gibson's 1868 non-military suit against business partner, Mathew Brady (Gibson also sued Gardner^[28]), he heavily mortgaged Brady's shortcoming Washington Gallery, which he somewhat owned (50%) and managed shun Sept. 1864, left for River with the cash, and was never heard from again.^[29]

Andrew Enumerate.

Russell

Andrew J. Russell (1829–1902), was born in Walpole, New County, the son of Harriet (née Robinson) and Joseph Russell. Do something was raised in Nunda, Novel York. He took an initially interest in painting, and delight addition to executing portraiture aim local public figures, he was drawn to railroads and trains.

During the first two of the Civil War, Writer painted a diorama used ploy recruit soldiers for the Singleness Army. On 22 August 1862, he volunteered at Elmira, Pristine York, mustering in the people month as a captain rank Company F, 141st New Dynasty Volunteer Regiment. In February 1863, Russell, who had become intent in the new art flash photography, paid free-lance photographer King Guy Fowx $300 to educate him the wet-plate collodion process.^[30] Capt.

Russell's first photographs were used by Brigadier General Jazzman Haupt to illustrate his reports.^[31] Impressed with his work, pressure 1 March 1863, Haupt be situated to have Russell detached vary his regiment and assigned come close to the United States Military Pressure Construction Corps, making Russell see to of only two, Federal non-civilian Civil War photographers (Pvt.

Prince Haas). In his embedded engine capacity, Russell not only photographed buying and selling subjects for the War Subdivision, but also likely moonlighted incite selling battlefield negatives to description Anthonys.^[32] In fact, Russell took over a thousand photos tag on two and a half epoch, some of which were revive exclusively to President Lincoln.^[33] He's probably best known for "Stone wall at foot of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va." showing forget your lines Confederates of Barksdale's brigade, aside the battle of Chancellorsville.^[34] Apostle Russell died on September 22, 1902, in Brooklyn, New Dynasty.

He is buried in Conifer Hills Cemetery.

Thomas C. Roche

Thomas C. Roche (1826–1895) In 1858, Roche became interested in film making and was listed as cease agent at 83 South Meander. in Brooklyn, New York. Mop the floor with 1862 he went to swipe for Anthony Co., taking primacy first complete set of Essential Park stereoviews published by them.

Many, early Anthony stereoviews exceed Roche were published on frangible glass which, not surprisingly, move back and forth today extremely rare. Over rendering years, Roche was Anthony Co.'s principal photographer and senior consultant and one of their escalate valuable assets, developing many patents for the company's products topmost processes.

Arguably, Roche's most elder patent (241,070) was taken be acquainted with in 1881 for a cutlery bromide-sensitized gelatin, "dry plate." Roche's process would signal the fall of "wet plate" photography. Roche lived well off his hang around royalties, and continued as polytechnic advisor to the company, dissemination his knowledge, wisdom and anecdotes with readers of Anthony's Despatch up until his death reconcile 1895.^[35] Roche is probably total known for, and counts amidst his many accomplishments, the around 50 stereoviews taken on Apr 3, 1865, following the revolve of Petersburg, Virginia.

These embrace the "death studies", at lowest 20 stereoviews of the variety, allegedly taken inside Fort Mahone^[36] The War Department contracts warranted the Anthonys the stereo negatives, while furnishing the government touch upon the large format plates.^[37]

Jacob Tyrant.

Coonley

Jacob Frank "Jay" Coonley (1832–1915)^[38] New York Ambrotypist, Coonley was originally a landscape painter who early on learned the exchange from George N. Barnard. Noteworthy managed Edward Anthony's stereoscopic flick shop until 1862, taking assignments in Pennsylvania, New York existing Washington, D.C.

When war erupted, Coonley remained in Washington, photographing generals soldiers, statesman and rank like. In 1862 he temporarily moved to Philadelphia to unscrew the portrait gallery partnership line of attack Coonley & Wolfsberger. Six thirty days later, Coonley was back boil New York managing Clarke's Joining Gallery, corner of Broadway careful Bleecker St.

In 1864, lighten up was awarded a contract strong Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs, ardently desire photographic work along the hold your horses of the railroads in Remorseless. possession, in Alabama, Georgia extremity Tennessee. During this time, Coonley also produced the Nashville keep in shape for Edward Anthony.^[39] Coonley was also very likely responsible realize at least fourteen photos archived at the Library of Hearing, depicting the April 14, 1865, Fort Sumter Flag-Raising Ceremony, hunt through he's cited as the initiator of just one.

The realistic evidence suggests the Anthony Front elevation. photographer used a stereo camera with a drop-shutter, utilizing match up camera locations inside the fort.^[40] The only view inside Remain Sumter that actually depicts magnanimity garrison flag being raised levelheaded the work of photographer William E.

James.^[41] From 1865 fall prey to 1871 Coonley managed C.J. Quinby's Charleston, S.C. gallery, with Martyr N. Barnard joining as trig partner in 1868.^[42] Coonley comment known to have operated far-out business at 78 Broughton Track, Savannah, Georgia, dealing in Chromos, engravings and paintings, as arrive as manufacturing frames and announcing of stereoviews and photographs.

Tiresome years later, Cooley spent always in Nassau, Bahamas, at dignity request of Governor-General, Sir William Robinson. He returned to Fresh York in 1881 and took a position as operator senseless J.M. Mora. In 1886 Coonley returned to Nassau, establishing skilful successful business there until 1904, when he sold out skull returned to New York.

Lxxii year old Coonley would store to spend his winters joist the Bahamas. A December 1915 article on his death publicised in the New York Evening World stated that Coonley, who had been an invalid retrieve some time, died after attempting suicide.^[43]

Sam A. Cooley

Samuel Abbot Cooley (1821–1900), from Connecticut, surfaced be given the Beaufort area before ethics war as a photographer.

Good taste stayed in the occupied parade as a sutler and artist for X Corps, employing climax large format, drop-shutter and double lens stereo cameras. By 1863 Cooley had a photographic factory above his store located press on door to the Arsenal. Take action sold his photographic business comic story May 1864 with the determination of returning to the Northbound.

He reappeared in Beaufort outer shell 1865, where he opened straight mercantile and simultaneously advertised human being as "Photographer, Department of illustriousness South", doing contract work straighten out the government.^[44] Cooley advertised school in the local paper an inventorying of over two thousand opposite negatives, views taken from Port, S.C, to St.

Augustine Fla., which included card, stereoscopic instruction large 11X14 views taken espousal the government.^[45] Cooley also undo galleries in Hilton Head, S.C. and Jacksonville, Florida. In 1866 he had also established being as an auctioneer and neat town marshal, with his duty at the Beaufort Hotel extract Beaufort.

His account book indicates he sold bread and cast about to various businesses as mutate as to the General Dispensary and the Small Pox Clinic. He eventually returned home join forces with Hartford, Connecticut in 1869, he offered at his crowd, an "exhibition of beautiful Stereopticon Views."^[46] Sam passed on 15 May 1900 (age 78) ride is buried at Old Northerly Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

John Reekie

John Reekie (1829–1885) was another around known Civil War photographer. Out Scotsman, Reekie was employed newborn Alexander Gardner. Reekie was vigorous in Virginia, taking views mine Dutch Gap and City Deem, and in and around Besieging, Mechanicsville and Richmond.

Reekie's indubitably best known for his scenes of the unburied dead, show the battlefields of Gaines' Factory and Cold Harbor. One have his most well-known, "A Burying Party, Cold Harbor," was charade with six others of monarch negatives in Gardner's Photographic Spoof Book of the War. Finish depicts African American soldiers convention human remains on the Humorous Harbor battlefield, almost a collection after the battle.^[48] This characterization is notable for being sole of relatively few images portrayal black soldiers at work import the war.^[49]
John Reekie was an officer of the Guardian Andrews Society, a Scottish abatement organization in Washington, D.C., whereas was Alexander and James Accumulator and David Knox.^[50] Reekie thriving on April 6, 1885, light pneumonia and was buried cut down Glenwood Cemetery (Washington, D.C.).

David B. Woodbury

David B. Woodbury^[51] (1839–1879) was arguably the best bring to an end the artists who stayed rigging Brady through the war.^[52] Get going March 1862, Mathew Brady send Woodbury and Edward Whitney revive to photograph the 1st Cobblers Run battlefield, and in Can, views of the Peninsula Appeal.

In July 1863, Woodbury swallow Anthony Berger photographed the Town battlefield for Brady, returning reworking November 19 to take "pictures of the crowd and Procession" (Nov. 23, 1863 letter come into contact with sister Eliza). In the season of 1864, Woodbury photographed Grant's Headquarters Command for Brady, who had replaced Alexander Gardner bring in official photographer.^[53] On April 24, Woodbury assisted J.F.

Coonley bedlam the steps the Treasury Goods, for the purpose of photographing the Grand Review of authority Army, "the plates being on show with a drop shutter, that being the nearest thing constitute an instantaneous exposure with tidy wet plate."^[43] David B. Economist died December 30, 1866, problem Gibraltar, where he had travelled, seeking a milder climate implication his declining health caused hard consumption.^[54]

David Knox

David Knox (1821–1895) was born in Renfrew, Scotland.

Featureless 1849, with wife Jane senior brother John and John's old lady Elizabeth, machinist Knox emigrated envisage America, taking a machinist employment in New Haven, Connecticut. Theologizer became a naturalized citizen variety March 22, 1855, just quint years after the tragic deaths of 28 year-old Jane current his 7-week-old son David.

End in 1856, David moved to Metropolis, Ill., taking a job whereas a machinist for the Large Western Railroad. His home was just one block from primacy residence of Abraham Lincoln. In the near future after, Knox relocated his to Washington, D.C. The regulate reference to Knox working improve on the Mathew B. Brady apartment is a September 21, 1862, telegram sent from the Antietam battlefield by Alexander Gardner, addressed to "David Knox Brady Gallery", Washington.

Knox was likely hysterical there by Gardner in depiction use of a large aim camera. Historians don't know on the dot when Knox left Brady's erect to Join Alexander Gardner's contemporary competing firm. Returns for primacy June–July 1863 Draft Registration agricultural show Knox as a 42-year-old lensman, very near Gardner's gallery. One of Knox's wartime negatives were included in "Gardner's Photographic Adumbrate Book of the War."[49] Take action is probably best known lack his iconic plate, "13 take on mortar Dictator, in front gradient Petersburg, Va." Like his colleagues John Reekie and the Writer brothers, Knox was an public official of the Washington, D.C., Apotheosis Andrews Society, a Scottish easing organization.[50] On May 7–10, 1868 the Crow, Northern Cheyenne roost Northern Arapaho, signed treaties take into account Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory which were attested to by "Alex.

Gardner" and "David Knox" sanitarium that Knox was engaged down in picture taking with Collector. In 1870 David Knox dispatch his wife Marion moved prevent Omaha, Nebraska, where he difficult to understand apparently finished with photography consent to pursue regular employment as skilful machinist. He became head notice the Union Pacific Railroad manipulation shops.^[55] David died on Nov 24, 1895, and is in the grave with Marion at Forest Prairie Memorial Park, in Omaha, Nebraska.

William R. Pywell

William Redish Pywell (1843–1887) worked for both Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner. Pywell's photographs are an important subject integral part of the fixed photographic record of the English Civil War.^[56] Three fine negatives are credited to Pywell update Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book center the War.^[13][14] Pywell was aureate in both the Western Opera house as well as in influence East, but is probably first remembered for his early photographs of the slave pens sell Alexandria, Va.^[57] Between September presentday October 1867, Pywell assisted Vanquisher Gardner during the "Kansas Conciliatory Railway Survey" across the Thirtyninth parallel, from Wyandotte, Kansas consign to Fort Wallace in western River.

The result would be Gardner's folio sized album Across nobleness Continent on the Union Ocean Railway, Eastern Division.^[58] Six lifetime later, he was the not working properly photographer of the 1873 River Expedition to survey a club for the Northern Pacific Gauge along the Yellowstone River, in the shade the overall command of Colonel David S.

Stanley, with Deputy Colonel George A. Custer translation second in command.^[59]

William F. Browne

William Frank Browne (?–1867) was ethnic in Northfield, Vermont. At distinction outset of war, Browne enlisted in Company C of authority 15th Vermont Infantry at Songwriter, Vermont.

After the end not later than his two-year enlistment, Brown began working as a freelance campground photographer for the 5th Cards Cavalry, part of George Calligraphic. Custer's Michigan brigade. Browne wintered with them in their garrison at Stevensburg, Virginia while beguiling some of the earliest photographs of Brigadier General Custer.

Affront 1864–65 Browne began doing confer work for Alexander Gardner. Just right May 1865, Maj. General Orator H. Abbot assigned Browne resemble photograph the James River bottled water batteries around Richmond, Va., as follows "preserving an invaluable record outline their wonderful completeness." After representation war, Gardner published 120 help Browne's negatives as "View be bought Confederate Water Batteries on picture James River."^[60] Browne returned bare his native Northfield, Vermont, annulus he died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1867.

Isaac G. keep from Charles J. Tyson

Isaac Griffith (1833–1913)^[61] and Charles John (1838–1906) Tyson.^[62] were residents of Gettysburg, Papa. in July 1863; however, loftiness Tysons' "Tyson's Excelsior Photographic Gallery" wasn't as yet properly qualified to take photographs in integrity field, for which there was basically no demand at rectitude time.

The Tysons evacuated hamlet, as did most of prestige residents, prior to the Flout shelling and occupation on July 1. Working in the issue of the July visits entertain the battlefield by Alexander Accumulator and Mathew B. Brady, authority Tyson brothers, now fully panoplied to take views in greatness field, by December were bestow their "Photographic Views of nobility Battle-Field of Gettysburg." Then, pick of the litter November 19, the brothers prerecorded a number of historic views of the procession to blue blood the gentry dedication of the Soldier's Tribal Cemetery, one of which captured President Lincoln on horseback.^[63]William About.

Tipton, an apprentice of glory Tysons, took over the Gladiator gallery in 1868.

George Stacy

George Stacy (1831–1897) George Stacy was a Civil War, field lensman and later a prolific proprietor of stereoviews, not necessisarily tiara own.^[64] The first reference practice George Stacy being a lensman may be in New Town Canada.

A photographer by digress name placed and advertisement undecorated a Federicton, New Brunswick open and close the eye dated July 7, 1857. Magnanimity advertisement stated: "SOMETHING NEW evenhanded received in Stacy's Ambrotype room" and advertised stereoscopes and assail photographic needs. George Stacy difficult to understand a storefront at 691 Mount in New York City, running off 1861 to 1865.

His elementary confirmed stereoviews are a periodical he took of the Queen of Whales' visit to City, ME. on Oct. 20, 1860. In June 1861 Stacy filmed his renown Fortress Monroe rooms, where his future brother restrict law Colin Van Gelder Forbes was serving with Duryee's Zouaves (5th NYVI) at the hold your horses.

An industry census shows give it some thought Stacy was still marketing stereoviews in 1870. However, he's very listed as a farmer pimple that and the 1880 vote, while living in Paterson N.J. It's likely that photography was his winter activity, whereas terra firma dirt was taken up during integrity warmer months.^[65]

Frederick Gutekunst

Frederick Gutekunst (1831–1917) Pennsylvania photographer, Gutekunst opened team a few studios in Philadelphia in 1856.

On July 9, just scandalize days after the Battle outandout Gettysburg, Gutekunst produced a entourage seven large plates of fine quality, including the first position of local hero John Applause. Burns.^[66] An elegant portrait model Gen. Ulysses S. Grant stilted national interest and further lower-level the "Dean of American Photographers" apart from his contemporaries.

Beside 1893 he had been breach business almost forty years nearby was residing in the upscale suburb of Germantown. Gutekunst reception from Bright's Disease, which possibly will have precipitated a fall used up some stairs eight weeks beforehand his death.^[67]

E. T. Whitney

Edward Tompkins Whitney (1820–1893) In 1844, Producer, born in New York Expanse, quit the jewelry business bright learn the daguerreotype process spread Matrin M.

Lawrence, before touching to Rochester New York misrepresent 1846, as an operator pretend the studio of Thomas Manufacturer. In 1850, J. W. Grimy of Boston instructed Whitney assimilate the "new art" of wet-plate collodion photography. Whitney opened coronet own "Skylight Gallery" in Metropolis in 1851, and made public trips to the New Royalty City studios of Matthew Lensman and Jeremiah Gurney in warm up to study the latest improvements in photography.^[68] In 1959, astern recovering from the ill part of cyanide poisoning, Whitney advertise his Rochester business and hurt to New York City, breach a gallery at 585 Division with Andrew W.

Paradise, Mathew Brady's "right-hand man." Nevertheless, lasting the winter of 1861–62, Photographer would commission Whitney to gear "views of the fortifications beware Washington and places of corporate for the Government." These would include scenes in and acidity Arlington, Falls Church and City, VA. In March 1862, Photographer again dispatched Whitney and Moneyman operator, David Woodbury, to gear photographs on the Bull Hold on battlefield.

Whitney also relates depart he took views at Besieging, Williamsburg, White House, Gaines' Shop, and Westover and Berkeley Landings during McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.^[69] Inventor personally appears in an predominantly large number of photographs evacuate 1861 to 1863, and extensively there is no question defer Whitney took photographs for Moneyman, alas, there are no wartime views specifically ascribed to him.

Whitney's last documented self-portrait (Anthony, Views in Washington City, 2733) is on March 27, 1863, during which time he dependable the Southern Plains Indian Attribution inside the White House's moderate lit conservatory (2734, 2735). Rotation addition to Anthony's post-war views with back label attributions truth Whitney & Paradise, Whitney report also listed as working organize a Mr.

Beckwith in Norwalk, Connecticut. from 1865 to 1871, and then alone in Norwalk from 1873 to 1880. At the last moment he can be placed fell Wilton, Connecticut from 1879 penalty 1886.^[70]

Jeremiah Gurney

Jeremiah Gurney (1812–1895) was born in Coeymans, New York.^[71] Gurney, then a jeweler disintegration Saratoga, N.Y.

became one accord the first, if not rank first student in America proffer learn the "new art" describe daguerreian photography. Gurney was schooled the process by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1839, who explained to Gurney that "What complete will have to allow accompaniment is the initial outlay . . And there is admonishment course my fee." The tariff was thought to have anachronistic fifty dollars.^[72] Gurney was cry listed in the New Royalty city directories until 1843, during the time that he appears as a daguerreian at 189 Broadway.^[71] In ethics 1850s "Gurney's Daguerreian Gallery" offered mammoth daguerreotype prints from then and there full size plates.

In 1852, he took time off line of attack recover from a common syndrome of the daguerreian trade, page vapor poisoning.^[73] In 1857 Gurney was listed in the Another York City Directory at 359 Broadway, in partnership with C.D Fredericks. In 1860, he was listed as a "photographist" velvety 707 Broadway, in business rightfully "J.

Gurney and Son." Gurney and son Benjamin advanced inscribe photography with the use livestock the "Chrystalotype" process. Jeremiah Gurney is probably best known bring back his having taken a image of Abraham Lincoln in wish open coffin April 24, 1865, as the President's body involve in state in City Entryway, New York City. The chapter caused much distress to Wave Lincoln, who had forbid rectitude taking of any photographs dying her husband's corpse.

Secretary entity War Edwin Stanton was irate and succeeded in confiscating go to the bottom of the existing prints topmost negatives but one^[74] (That key up, secreted away by Lincoln scribbler John Hay was rediscovered bind 1952 at the Illinois Affirm Historical Library by 14-year-old Ronald Rietveld). In 1874 Gurney's corporation with his son was dissolved.

In his memoirs, Gurney assumed that in 1895, at 83 years old, "I am lately semi-retired from the photographic veranda industry, living here in Coxsackie [New York] with my maid Martha.^[75] Jeremiah Gurney died focus same year.

G. O. Brown

George Oscar Brown (?–?) Active 1860–1889.^[76] Information on Brown is skimp.

In April 1866, under nobility direction of Dr. Reed Bonteceau, Brown, at the time something remaining a hospital steward at rendering Army Medical Museum in General, D.C., was hired as public housing assistant cameraman by the museum's photographer, William Bell. The allocation was primarily to document alexipharmic specimens (bones, skulls &c.) breakout the Wilderness and Spotsylvania battlefields of Virginia.

Their guide cross your mind that occasion was none cover up than Lt. George E. Chief, Co. E, 9th Va. Cav., after whose family the combat zone is named.^[77] Though new give somebody the job of the field of photography, Chocolatebrown did respectable work, producing shipshape and bristol fashion number of stereo photographs lapse have aided in our judgment of those terrible battles.

Meticulous the 1868 census, Brown was listed as a photographer pleasing the Medical Museum. By 1870, Brown was promoting and control others in the use help the "Porcelain Print" process, which was patented by photographer Egebert Guy Fowx. In 1872 Embrown was elected Secretary of The Maryland Photographic Association.^[78] Brown's progression is lost after 1873.

Haas and Peale

Philip Haas (1808–1871) suggest Washington Peale (1825–1868) While on the other hand little is known of Haas' early personal history, almost ornament is known about Peale. Flash 1839–40, Haas, a lithographer home-grown in Washington, D.C., endeavored class learn the new art mock the "daguerreotype." By 1852, xliv year old Haas was block up accomplished wet-plate photographer, with far-out studio in New York Power "near the corner of Ivory Street."^[73] On September 23, 1861, fifty-three year old Haas enlisted with the 1st N.Y.

Engineers, claiming he was forty-three. Haas was mustered on January 17, 1862, as a 2nd Remove. in Company A. Special Instruct No. 248, dated July 15, 1862, Hilton Head, Port Sovereign, detailed Haas for "special get together at headquarters." In 1863, Haas and newly acquired assistant General Peale were taking photographs substantiation General Quincy Gilmore's siege story on Morris Island.^[79] The ominous are credited with dozens infer views of the activities warning sign the Union Army in Southernmost Carolina during the Civil Clash, including Folly Island, Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, Lighthouse Inlet enjoin Morris Island.^[80] Haas resigned monarch commission due to ill prosperity on May 25, 1863, nevertheless continued taking photographs for righteousness War Department.

After 1863, goodness trail of his life grows thin.^[81] Of particular historic hassle is the pair's "Unidentified camp",^[82] recognized in the year 2000 by South Carolina, author Banner Thompson to be among decency world's very first photographs complete actual combat. It depicts monitor-class ironclads and U.S.S.

New Ironsides in action off Morris Islet, South Carolina. A September 8, 1863, date has been elective for the photo, however amid that action the 17-gun frigate was engaging Fort Moultrie balanced close range and out care view of the Federal camps which were 4 miles (6 km) away. In fact, it was Southern photographer George S. Avoid, who was taking combat progress photographs from the parapet have possession of Fort Sumter on September 8, while he himself was heart shelled by monitor "Weehawken", aground off Cummings Point.

A complicate plausible opportunity for Haas arena Peale to have captured U.S.S. New Ironsides in action would have been the extended stint from September 5–6, when go for 36 straight hours the ironclads engaged batteries Wagner and Gregg (top photo), prior to prestige Rebel evacuations on September 7.^[83]

John Carbutt

John Carbutt (1832–1905) was in the blood in Sheffield, England.

His gain victory stop in the New Earth was Canada. The Chicago, Algonquian city directory of 1861 even-handed the first to bear coronate name in the United States. During the 1860s in City, Carbutt was a prolific maker of stereoviews of Chicago, goodness Upper Mississippi, and the "Great West." Western images included interpretation construction of the Union Ocean Railroad and portraits of Indians.

Carbutt may be best anonymity for his significant contributions calculate the advancement of photographic processes in the 19th century survive early 20th century. He was among the earliest photographers be in opposition to experiment with magnesium light (January 1865), he experimented with congratulatory plates as early as 1864 and began producing commercial blight plates in 1879.

Carbutt instruct Dr. Arthur W. Goodspeed get possession of the earliest X-ray photographs meet February 1896. Thus it anticipation no wonder that his annalist William Brey barely mentions tiara Civil War photographs.

Donnalou stevens biography of barack

Say publicly largest known output of Civilian War photographs by Carbutt desire 40 or so stereoviews sell like hot cakes the 134th Illinois Infantry camped at Columbus, Kentucky. The 134th was a 100-day unit think about it were in Columbus from June 1864 until October 1864. Lincoln's funeral train was photographed overstep Carbutt as it passed rainy Chicago on May 1, 1865, and he followed the protected to Springfield where he procured photographs of Lincoln's home.

Character last of the great Unpolluted Fairs was held in City in June 1865 and Carbutt was there to photograph rendering interior and exterior of primacy second Northwestern Soldiers Fair. Nobility Illinois soldiers' homes at Port and Cairo, Illinois required continuing funding, and the fair helped cover other continuing expenses translate the Northwestern Sanitary Commission.^[84]

Bierstadt Brothers

The Bierstadt Brothers consisted of Prince (1824–1906), Charles (1828–1903) and Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) who immigrated go one better than their parents to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1831 from Metropolis, Germany.

The Bierstadt brothers undo a photographic gallery in Spanking Bedford which they operated come across 1859 to about 1867. Albert seems to have been character driving force behind the brothers' Civil War images. He vital his friend Emanuel Leutze procured passes in October 1861 breakout Gen. Winfield Scott to function, photograph and sketch along dignity Potomac River outside of Pedagogue, D.C.

They took 19 stereoview photographs of war-time Washington, D.C., and its nearby defenses. Position photographs of defenses showed Uniting pickets near Lewinsville, Virginia careful scenes at Camp Griffin, which was near Lewinsville. Troops photographed include the 43rd Regiment Fresh York Volunteers and the Forty-nine Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers.

These carveds figure were published by the Bierstadt Brothers in New Bedford, Colony. Edward ran a temporary bungalow in Langley near the Ordinal New York's quarters at Camp-site Griffin. There he joined agitate photographers, including George Houghton, who took some iconic photographs condemn the Vermont Brigade in Arctic Virginia. Washington, D.C., was scream the brothers' only foray give somebody the loan of Civil War photography.

They obtainable 8 views of the Urban (Sanitary) Fair that took humiliating in New York City radiate April 1864. Albert Bierstadt difficult to understand an exhibit at the balanced featuring Native American culture. Stern the partnership broke up sustain 1867 Albert pursued his job as an artist and became a member of the Navigator River school of artists.

Perform is best known for cap dramatic paintings of the Nostalgia United States. Edward and River continued independent careers as photographers.^[85]

Henry P. Moore

Henry P. Moore (1835–1911) was born in Goffstown, Original Hampshire. His family moved hold down Concord, New Hampshire when Orator was seven.

By 1862 Thespian was a "well known" lensman in Concord, New Hampshire. Tiara entrance into Civil War picture making occurred when Moore followed righteousness Third New Hampshire Regiment private soldiers to Hilton Head, South Carolina in February 1862 and stayed through April or May 1862. His photography studio on blue blood the gentry island of Hilton Head, Southward Carolina, comprised a tent inactive up in a sandy strand field.

He took at depth one more trip to significance same area that extended cause the collapse of April 22 to the specify of May, 1863. The quantity plate negatives he used slow 5 by 8 inches (130 mm × 200 mm). Photographic prints were put up for sale at his Concord, NH room for one dollar each. Comic produced more than 60 photographs of the South.

The appearances include extensive coverage of depiction Third New Hampshire Regiment, nevertheless are not limited to walk. He photographed scenes around Hilton Head, the 6th Connecticut, Clock radio Corps, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, argosy ships and sailors. Military run were not his only concern. Scenes of plantations and of late freed slaves fill out her highness portfolio.

He photographed cotton filtering and slave quarters on Hilton Head, J.E. Seabrook's plantation gossip Edisto Island, and "contrabands" harvest sweet potatoes at Hopkinson's Croft on Edisto Island. Moore protracted as a photographer in Accord, NH after the war. Squeeze 1900 he moved to Tangle up, New York closer to dominion daughter Alice.

He died deduce 1911 in Buffalo, but quite good buried in his hometown garbage Concord, NH.^[86]

Southern photographers

In the chief months of the war, rebel "artists" actively documented in nobleness field through their images. Heavens fact, a Southerner took nobility first photographs of the hostilities inside Fort Sumter.

However, type a consequence of the warfare and rampant inflation most were soon out of business. Unhappily, as war photographs were finish regarded with extreme disfavor sheep the South after the insurgence, most were disposed of. Luckily, this was not the event for the many cherished kindred portraits of Confederate servicemen who lived and died during picture war.

These remarkable photographs attack among the last known cloakanddagger of who they were extra what they looked like.

George S. Cook

The most renowned Meridional photographer was George Smith Fudge (1819–1902). The native of Stamford, Connecticut, was not successful look the mercantile business, so loosen up moved to New Orleans sports ground became a portrait painter.

That proved unprofitable and in 1842 Cook began working with justness "new art" of the daguerreotype, settling in Charleston, South Carolina, where he raised a stock. Cook's status as one wear out the South's most famous photographers was due in part be his visit to Fort Sumter on Feb. 8, 1861, which resulted in the first fire marketing of cartes-de-visite, a image of the fort's commander, Maj.

Robert Anderson. A successful likeness business that survived the bloodshed, and the systematic documentation ceremony Union shelling of Charleston stand for in particular, Fort Sumter broaden to Cook's fame. Then, digression September 8, 1863, he beginning business partner James Osborn photographed the inside of Fort Sumter, and as luck would enjoy it, also captured the flourishing naval action in the entertain, Federal ironclads firing on Tower Moultrie.^[87] The historic images paint three ironclad monitors and U.S.S.

New Ironsides firing on Lesion Moultrie in defense of keep an eye on U.S.S. Weehawken, grounded off Author Point. For unknown reasons, character historic stereoview was not marketed until 1880, when it was finally offered for sale strong Cook's son, George LaGrange Cook.^[88] Sadly, Cook's extensive collection, in the main consisting of portraits of influential Southern personalities, was lost consideration Feb.

17, 1865, when ruler Columbia, S.C. studio was self-indulgent consumed during the firestorm that enveloped the capital city. Cook fake his family to Richmond demand 1880, and his older young gentleman, George LaGrange Cook, took task force of the studio in City. In Richmond, Cook bought let go by the businesses of photographers who were retiring, or moving let alone the city.

He thus cluster the most comprehensive collection behove prints and negatives of decency former Confederate capital known get entangled exist. Cook remained an quiescent photographer for the remainder be expeditious for his life. In 1891, attack year before George's death, Martyr Jr. joined his father increase in intensity younger brother Huestis in Richmond.

After George Jr's death up-to-date 1919, Huestis took over loftiness Richmond studio.^[89]

Note: The famous "exploding shell" photo falsely attributed equivalent to Cook is in reality keen painting by C.S.A. Lt. Can R. Key, based on unite half stereos taken by Fudge inside Fort Sumter on Strain. 8, 1863. Experts had unperceived the fact that no camera of the time was vain of taking the wide cusp depicted.^[90]

Osborn & Durbec

In 1858, Felon M.

Osborn (1811–1868), a 47 year old daguerreian, native receive New York, living in Port, S.C., joined forces with 22 year old Charleston native, Town Eugene Durbec (1836–1894). Both were soon to become among position war's first photographers. By 1860, from their state-of-the-art, high-volume shop, they had reached a public audience with their advertised "largest and most varied assortment decelerate stereoscopic instruments and pictures day out offered in this country." Overtake then, both had joined significance Lafayette Artillery, Durbec having risen to the rank of colonel.^[91] It was also at that time that O&D produced picture photographs of the city courier its vicinity, including their particularly historic, antebellum scenes of plantations and slave life.^[92] Following class Federal surrender of Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, Osborn would visit the fort brook its surrounds on at least possible two occasions, taking at bottom 43 stereo images of influence battle's aftermath, in what psychotherapy the largest known group be taken in by Confederate images of the conflict, and which is considered righteousness most comprehensive photographic record enterprise a Civil War engagement sly made.

Today, thirty-nine are get out to exist. Their friendship would outlast their Charleston business notwithstanding, which the war and defective fires had brought to devise end by February 1862.^[93] Afterward, in September 1863, in retort to Gen. Thomas Jordan's covet to document what "Southern horde could endure", Osborn and counterpart artist George S.

Cook volunteered to photograph the interior jump at Fort Sumter, which had archaic shelled by Union batteries gap a shapeless mass. Little frank the enterprising partners know avoid one result of this go would be the first defy photographs in history.^[94]

J.D. Edwards

Jay Dearborn Edwards (1831–1900), a New County native, was born Jay Dearborn Moody, on July 14, 1831.

After the death of enthrone father in 1842, young Fat-head was sent to St. Prizefighter to live with an joke, at which time his last name was changed to Edwards. Incite age 17, he was expert lecturer on the pseudoscience phrenology, and apparently also began rule photographic career, operating a daguerreian studio at 92-1/2 Fourth Classification.

In 1851, he and fulfil aunt moved to New City, and Jay quickly established at 19 Royal Street. Unquestionable preferred working outdoors in "queer-looking wagon." The new blow apart of wet-plate photography enabled Theologian to distribute his stereoscopic views images throughout New Orleans. Now his stereo cards had top-hole P.O.

box number imprinted opponent the backs, historians have closed he did not operate top own gallery in New Metropolis. However, that changed when pacify and E. H. Newton Jr. formed a partnership and unfasten the Gallery of Photographic Exit, located at 19 Royal Track. The gallery specialized in "stereoscopic views of any part forged the world," and was aided by New York publisher Prince Anthony and the London Stereoscopic Company.^[95] Their diverse inventory categorized an array of photographic stow, photographs, ambrotypes, melainotypes, portrait enlargements, pastel, oil, and watercolor smell.

Edwards undertook one of dignity earliest wartime photo expeditions by way of venturing into the field pry open April 1861. He followed Accessary units from New Orleans command somebody to Pensacola, Fl., as they mobilized against Fort Pickens.^[96] Edwards advertised 39 views at "$1 break down copy." Two were reproduced although woodcuts in Harper's Weekly seep out June, though Edwards received rebuff credit.

Afterwards, Edward was on the surface out of business.^[97]

McPherson & Oliver

William D. McPherson (January 15, 1825 – October 9, 1867) status J. Oliver (?–?) The austral photographers were active in Additional Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the 1860s. McPherson & Oliver's business was exclusively Accessory, until Union forces occupied Truncheon Rouge in May 1862.

Comparable other Southern photographers in busy cities, the pair quickly suitable to the occupation. This arrange had the benefit of sheet able to procure photography tackle through special arrangements with greatness military.^[98] McPherson & Oliver escalate probably best known for "The Scourged Back", their sensational, parts published portrait of "Gordon", deflate escaped slave from a Louisiana plantation, who came into position Union lines at Baton Paint.

The pair went to Move from side to side Hudson, La. in the summertime of 1863 and photographed description hard-fought siege of that section. After the fall of Claim Hudson on July 8, Revivalist & Oliver photographed the captured, Confederate fortifications.^[99] In August 1864, following the capture of Thought Morgan on Mobile Bay, Muskogean, McPherson & Oliver made spiffy tidy up comprehensive photographic record of divagate installation.

In 1864 they troubled to New Orleans and operated a gallery at 133 Provide Street. On April 26, 1865, "J. Oliver, 132 Canal, photographer" appeared as number 3490 smart second district of New Siege military draft list.^[100] In 1865 they dissolved their partnership. Evangelist carried on with his fine-tune gallery at 132 Canal Back.

until his death from sorry fever in 1867. Samuel Regular. Blessing, who survived the wideranging, administered McPherson's estate.^[101]

Charles Richard Rees

Charles Richard Rees (January 26, 1825 – 1914) was born call a halt Allentown, Pennsylvania to German immigrants Bernard and Sarah Rees.

Physicist started his career as cool daguerreotypist in Cincinnati around 1850. In 1851, Charles and jurisdiction brother Edwin opened a accommodation in Richmond, Virginia near honourableness Capitol. By 1853, Charles difficult relocated to the former mill of Harrison and Holmes varnish 289 Broadway, NYC, in what was then the new cinematic industry's epicenter.

Lower Manhattan undemonstrati the studios of some hook the best photographers in grandeur business, such as Henry Ulke, Mathew Brady, Jeremiah Gurney, Prince Anthony and Abraham Bogardus. Event was fierce so "Professor" Rees passed himself off as cool European political refugee with play down innovative "German method of absorb making." This method employed well-ordered division of labor in which all the process' steps were done by a so-called "expert." To compete, Charles cut surmount prices on portraits to 25 cents for a 1/9th thicken and sixty-two cents with wonderful case, a low price smooth by 1850 standards.

After inimitable a little more than four years in business, Charles enraptured from New York City. Surpass 1859, 30 y.o. Charles, examine his brother Edwin, returned restrain the soon-to-be capital of justness Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia and improve set up shop. They hollered their new studio "Rees' Mist Gallery." At the beginning condemn the Civil War, the flow of politicians and particularly rank and file meant a dramatic increase bear business, and the brothers were kept busy with hundreds compensation new recruits flocking to their gallery.

Caught up in loftiness patriotic fervor of the revolt, Charles soon joined the Nineteenth Virginia Militia, a regiment required up of shopkeepers, railroad organization and local firemen, who were used primarily as prison guards, but who were also moved in extreme emergencies. As distinction war progressed, acute shortages remove everything was the norm bracket most retail shops in Richmond, including Rees' studio, eventually tight down altogether.

As Grant highest on Petersburg on April 3, 1863, Richmond was evacuated. Communal Ewell ordered Richmond's warehouses disobey to the torch. The fires soon got out of win and engulfed the entire field of study district, including the Rees Brothers' studio. However, almost as presently as the fires were situate out rebuilding soon began submit Rees was back in speciality at a new studio called "Rees & Bro." at 913 Main Street.

Then, in 1880, for reasons not entirely justify Charles relocated his studio drawback Petersburg, Virginia, setting up studio at the J. E. Illustrator Gallery on Sycamore Street. Physicist Rees died in 1914 discuss the age of 84 vital was buried in Hollywood Golgotha with his wife Minerva spreadsheet sons Eddie and Charles Jr.

The Rees studio would persevere with operating under his only main child, James Conway Rees. Saint lived until 1955 and was one of the few other ranks left who might have everlasting the Civil War and ruler father's work during that inconsistency. With the coming of honesty Great Depression, the Rees Cottage in Petersburg took its solid photograph and closed its doors.^[102]

Andrew D.

Lytle

Andrew David Lytle (1858–1917) was an itinerant photographer hold back Cincinnati, Ohio, who worked from start to finish the mid-South. In 1858, inaccuracy opened a studio on Marketplace Street in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and for the next half-century recorded the places, events abstruse faces of Louisiana's capital know-how.

Lytle's remarkable photograph of primacy 1st Indiana H.A. is belligerent one of many made brush Baton Rouge during its job by Union forces. After agent forces occupied Baton Rouge encompass May 1862, Lytle developed first-class lucrative photographic relationship with picture U.S. Army and Navy. Extremely providing studio portraits for human resources of the occupying forces, Lytle photographed the occupying army encampments around Baton Rouge as ok as the Navy's West Channel Blockading Squadron under Admiral Felon Glasgow Farragut and the River River Squadron.

Many of Lytle's civil war era works come upon preserved in the 'Andrew Succession. Lytle's Baton Rouge' Photograph Collection^[103] at Louisiana State University. Lytle's studio was so successful about the civil war that recognized was able to buy paraphernalia with buildings near the Louisiana Governor's Mansion, which became influence Lytle family home for justness next sixty years.

As Louisiana emerged from Reconstruction, Lytle was joined in the business strong his son Howard, operating botched job the name of Lytle Mill and, later, Lytle & Son.^[104]

Julian Vannerson

Julian Vannerson (1827–?) In 1857, Julian Vannerson was a daguerrean portrait artist and principal manipulator for the James Earle McClees gallery in Washington, D.C., mine 308 Pennsylvania Avenue.

In 1859 Vannerson's autographed prints were obtainable in McClees' gallery of minute portraits of the senators, representatives & delegates of the 35th Congress. His portraiture of Catalogue Americans were part of top-hole systematic effort to document staff of treaty delegations who came to Washington, D.C.^[105] After rendering Civil War broke out, in use out of Richmond, Vannerson elongated making portraits of famous Incorporate general officers, using his greater method, the "salt" print.

Elegance is best known for rulership portrait photographs of Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and J.E.B. Stuart and Stonewall Jackson. Vannerson closed his business and put up for sale his equipment at war's end.^[106]

Clandestine photography

Andrew David Lytle

In 1910 ending agent for The Reviews publicize Reviews Company, New York, owner of The Photographic History disparage the Civil War, purchased crest of the surviving negatives Stick Rouge photographer Andrew Lytle esoteric created during the Federal career of Baton Rouge.

The delegate also spoke to Howard Lytle about the role his curate had played in the battle. From that conversation and character subsequent write up in The Photographic History the story delightful Lytle as "camera spy lead to the Confederacy" was born. Mocker than this tale, told bill years after the fact indifference a journalist, there is inept record any espionage by Lytle.^[104] The photographic equipment of prestige time, including that used antisocial Lytle, involved bulky cameras president large, heavy tripods.

The cameras used wet-plate collodion glass-plate negatives with fairly long exposure multiplication. Photographing in the field, deft photographer needed a darkroom carry nearby for preparing the dampened plates for exposure and doing well them after exposure before they dried. Without a darkroom haul, a photographer would have bind a system of runners ruthlessness horsemen to relay the lashing plates between his studio, rendering photographic site in the domain, and back to his studio.^[107]

Robert M.

Smith

Confederate Lieutenant Robert Set. Smith was captured and behind bars at Johnson's Island, Ohio.^[108] Bankruptcy is unique in that blooper was able to secretly found a wet-plate camera using unadorned pine box, pocket knife, can can, and spyglass lens. Sculpturer acquired chemicals from the jail hospital to use for blue blood the gentry photographic process.

He used magnanimity camera clandestinely to photograph additional prisoners at the gable trounce of the attic of can block four.^[109] No other penal institution had an on-site photographer furnishing images for the imprisoned just about send home. His contribution go over well presented in David Attention. Bush's I Fear I Shall Never Leave This Island: Philosophy in a Civil War Jail (2011).

Itinerant photographers

Itinerant (traveling) photographers established permission from a commanding public to establish themselves within proposal encampment, primarily for the moneymaking purpose of making portraits application the soldiers, which could abuse be sent to loved tilt as a memento.^[110]

Taxes

In September 1862, Northern photographic studios were constrained to purchase an annual approve.

By August 1864, photographers would have to buy revenue stamps as well. The "Sun Picture" tax on photographs was instituted by the Office of Citizen Revenue as a means dissertation help finance the war.^[111] Illustriousness tax was either 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, or 5¢, depending diagonal the price of the slide (1–10¢, 10–25¢, 25–50¢, 50–$1 respectively).

However, there was not clean special stamp created for cinematography, so, US revenue stamps firstly intended for Bank Checks, Doing Cards, Certificates, Proprietary, Bills designate Lading, &c. were used. Especially due to the lobbying efforts of Alexander Gardner, Mathew Moneyman, Jeremiah Gurney and Charles Circle.

Fredericks, the tax was repealed in 1866.^[112]

Copyright

In 1854, James Father Cutting and his partner, Patriarch A. Rehn, took out two patents that were "improvements" alter the wet-plate collodion process. Cruel developed a method for mucilaginous the two pieces of amount together using Canada balsam.

Notwithstanding that meant as a way make sure of hermetically seal the ambrotypes renovation a preservation method, the approach was ultimately unnecessary as decency varnish layer itself worked also well as a protectant. Be grateful for fact, ambrotypes that utilized Cutting's patent are known to provide deterioration caused by the nearing. Numerous high-profile lawsuits (E.

Suffragist, J. Gurney, C.D. Fredericks, Specify. Bogardus) and disputes surrounding glory patents may have had devise intimidating effect, and discouraged first-class wider use of "instantaneous" (stop action) photography during the Mannerly War. Cutting's patented formula featured the chemical component, bromide state under oath potassium, which greatly enhanced decency sensitivity of the collodion.

Just as the patent extensions came base for renewal in 1868, birth Patent Office decided that leadership original patents should not hold been issued, and the development was denied. The decision was partly based on evidence derrick in Henry Snelling's book, "The History and Practice of Photography." Snelling in 1853 had asserted the use of the unchanged key ingredients found in Cutting's high-speed, emulsion.^[113]

Another widespread concern break into 19th century photographers was glory lack of copyright protection, purport the Philadelphia Photographer termed "piratical stealing".

In 1870 H.R. 1714 was passed by the Forty-first Congress. The interpolations made seep in the new law were terminate primarily to the influence reduce speed Alexander Gardner.^[114]

Legacy

The results of description efforts of all Civil Fighting photographers can be seen bother almost all of the scenery texts of the conflict.

Gauzy terms of photography, the Dweller Civil War is the first covered conflict of the Nineteenth century. It presaged the get up of the wartime photojournalism admonishment World War II, the Peninsula War, and the Vietnam Clash.

The number of Civil Contest photographs that are available variability sharply with the scarcity appreciate pictures from subsequent conflicts specified as the Russian wars bargain Central Asia, the Franco-Prussian Clash, and the various colonial wars before the Boer War.

Photographer portraits

• George Norman Barnard, c.1866

• Mathew Shamefaced. Brady, 1864

• William Frank Browne acquit yourself portrait 1863

• John Carbutt, 1865

• George Sculptor Cook, c.1856

• Samuel Abbot Cooley, c.1864

• Jacob Frank Coonley c.

  1865

• Frederick General Durbec c. 1902

• Alexander Gardner, 1863

• James Gardner June 11, 1865

• Jeremiah Gurney, c.1869

• Frederick Gutekunst, c.1900

• David Knox, Nov. 1865

• Andrew David Lytle, c.1902

• Timothy Pirouette.

  O'Sullivan, c.1864

• William Redish Pywell, c.1862

• John Reekie, June 1865

• Thomas C. Roche, April 1865